A Serious Compromise in the Quality of Medical Education in India by Some Recently Established Private Medical Colleges.

Medical colleges have become a business industry nowadays, where rich businessmen in the name of trust and foundations are resorting to making huge profits by collecting heavy amount of capitation fees from students without providing quality education to them. It has been observed especially in some of the recently established medical colleges, that the regulations laid by National Medical Council are flouted, and these medical colleges are run with very little patients in the hospital, poor infrastructure and huge number of "Ghost faculties", who are available only during the time of inspection by the regulatory authorities. The regular faculties who are working are overburdened with teaching work, and are also denied relieving and experience letter if they submit their resignation. There is a great need for the regulatory authorities to have a strict scrutiny on such institutions and implement remedial measures to correct these irregularities.

O programa Previne Brasil e seus potenciais reflexos na (re)organização da Atenção Primária à Saúde do estado do Rio de Janeiro / The Previne Brazil program and its potential effects in the (re)organization od Primary Health Care of the state of Rio de Janeiro

O principal objetivo deste estudo é documentar o processo de transição do modelo de financiamento federal da APS implantado pelo programa Previne Brasil no período 2019-2021 e as iniciativas da SES-RJ e do COSEMS-RJ frente aos potenciais reflexos na (re)organização da APS nos municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia proposta é a de estudo de caso de caráter exploratório, descritivo com a combinação de diferentes métodos de pesquisa, fazendo uso de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e de dados primários e secundários. Este estudo tem como recorte para análise dois aspectos do programa Previne Brasil: a Capitação Ponderada e o Componente Pagamento por Desempenho. A transferência regular do PAB fixo, de base per capita, foi considerada inovadora por ser a primeira prevista no SUS não atrelada à produção. Considerada alinhada com o princípio da universalidade e com a diretriz da descentralização presentes no regramento legal do SUS, suas transferências eram garantidas independentemente do modelo adotado para organização da APS pelos municípios. Sua substituição pela transferência atrelada a cadastro, prevista no Componente Capitação Ponderada do Previne Brasil pode ser vista como um retrocesso, pois nesse formato o custeio está atrelado ao cadastro realizado pelas equipes existentes em cada território, o que pode não refletir a totalidade da população nele residente. A absorção pelo componente Capitação Ponderada dos recursos do PAB variável referentes ao custeio da eSF, eAP, incremento para contratação de gerentes nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e das equipes de NASF-AB provoca uma reflexão sobre a descontinuidade dos processos relevantes para a organização da APS, relacionados à continuidade do cuidado. No estado do Rio de Janeiro, um movimento sinérgico foi iniciado pelo COSEMS-RJ e pela SAPS/SES, no sentido de compreender como a nova proposta de financiamento da APS impactaria nos recursos a serem destinados aos municípios do estado em 2020. Neste sentido, foi criado um grupo de trabalho, com representantes das duas estruturas, para a discussão do Previne Brasil, que permanece ativo. Uma das iniciativas mais importantes desse grupo se dá com a confecção de Notas Técnicas, que começaram a ser produzidas ainda em 2019 para apoiar os municípios do estado na transição do financiamento federal da APS. Mesmo com toda a excepcionalidade de 2020, que foi marcado pela bem-vinda extensão dos prazos previstos, foi possível vislumbrar como teria sido esta mudança para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, já que podemos estudar os resultados numéricos alcançados em 2020 nos componentes de Capitação Ponderada e Pagamento por Desempenho e que não se refletiram em perda de recursos.

The main goal of this study is to document the process of federal financing of APS through the Previne Brasil program from the period of 2019-2021 and the initiatives from SES-RJ and COSEMS-RJ through the potential repercussions on the re-organization of APS in the Rio de Janeiro State's cities. The proposed methodology is one of a case study in exploratory and descriptive character along with a combination of different research methods, using bibliographic and documental research as well as primary and secondary data. It is emphasized that this study has as delimitation for analysis two aspects of the Previne Brasil: the Pondered Capacitation and the Component of Payment by Performance. The regular transference of fixated PAB, of per capita base was considered innovative, since it was the first provided by SUS not linked to production. Considered aligned to the principles of universality, with the directive of decentralization present in the legal regulation, as its transferences were guaranteed regardless of the adopted models for the APS' organization through the cities. It's substitution for the transference linked to registration, provided in Previne Brasil's Component of Pondered Capacitation, can be understood as a regression as in such format the cost is linked to the registration done by the existing themes in each territory, something that cannot reflect the integrality of the resident population. Absorbing the Component of Pondered Capacitation's PAB's variable resources referring to the cost of eSF, eAP, increment for the hiring of basic health units' management and the NASF-AB's teams provokes a reflection over the discontinuations of relevant processes for the APS' organization, related to the continuity of care. In Rio de Janeiro State, a synergetic movement was initiated by the COSEMS-RJ and SAPS/SES in a way of comprehending how the new financing proposal by APS would impact the resources to be destined to the state's cities in 2020. So, a work group was created, with representatives of the two structures, for the discussion of Previne Brasil, which remains active. One of the most important initiatives in such group is the creation of Technical Notes, that started being produced in 2019, to support the state's cities in the transition of APS' federal financing. Despite all exceptionality in 2020, which was well-marked by the welcome extension of provided deadlines, it was possible to glimpse how such change would have been for Rio de Janeiro State, since we can study the numerical results reached in 2020 in the components of Pondered Capacitation and Payment by Performance, and that it did not reflect on loss of resources.

Exploring the effects of the withdrawal of the capitation policy on Cesarean rates in public hospitals in Ghana: an interrupted time series analysis

Context and objectives. In Ghana, CS rates have increased by 2% since 2014 even though the World Health Organization has called for the procedure only for medically justifiable cases. Provider payment mechanisms such as capitation have been used to moderate CS rates in some settings. We explored the effects of the withdrawal of the capitation policy on the Cesarean Surgery (CS) rate in public primary care hospitals together with vaginal delivery (VD) and antenatal care for women with 4+ visits (ANC4+) rates. Methods. An interrupted time-series analytical design was used to assess the effects of the withdrawal of capitation on selected variables from the secondary District Health Information Management System (DHIMS 2) of public hospitals between January 2015 and December 2019. Results: The results show that after the policy withdrawal, the trend and level of provision of CS and VD were not significantly altered. Significant declining trends of ANC4+ reversed with significant positive trends after the policy removal. Conclusion. We conclude that the withdrawal of the capitation policy may not have impacted the CS rate significantly in public hospitals. Enhanced capitation payment mechanisms and specific policies aimed at limiting CS are needed to curtail the rise in Ghana.

The effects of Ghana's capitation policy on hospital Under-5 mortality in the Ashanti Region

Objective: The study estimated the capitation policy's effect on the under-5 mortality (U5MR) rate in hospitals in Ashanti Region. Design: We used an interrupted time series design to estimate the impact from secondary data obtained from the DHIMS-2 database. Monthly under-5 deaths and the number of live births per month were extracted and entered into Stata 15.0 for analyses. The U5MR was calculated by dividing the number of live deaths by the number of live births for each of the 60 months of the study. Setting: Health facilities of the Ashanti Region with Data in the DHIMS 2. Intervention: the level and trend of U5MR for 31 months during the Capitation Policy implementation (January 2015 to July 2017) were compared with the level and trend 29 months after the withdrawal of the capitation policy (August 2017 to December 2019). Outcome measures: changes in trend or level of U5MR after the withdrawal of capitation. Main Results: During the capitation policy, monthly U5MR averaged 10.71 +/-2.71 per 1000 live births. It declined to 0.03 deaths per 1000 live births (p=0.65). After the policy withdrawal, the immediate (increase of 0.01 per 1000live births) and the trend (decline of 0.13 deaths per 1000 live births per month) were still not statistically significant. Conclusion: We conclude that the capitation policy did not appear to have influenced under-5 mortality in the Ashanti Region. The design of future healthcare payment models should target quality improvement to reduce under-5 mortalities

Novo financiamento para uma nova Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil / New funding for a new Brazilian Primary Health Care

Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar um debate sobre a nova política de financiamento para Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil. Para desenvolvimento do método de pagamento foi realizado consulta da literatura nacional e internacional, além do envolvimento de gestores municipais, estaduais e federais da APS. O modelo final proposto é baseado em Capitação ponderada; Pagamento por desempenho; Incentivo para Ações Estratégicas. A capitação é ponderada por vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, aspectos demográficos e ajuste municipal, o pagamento por desempenho composto por um conjunto total de 21 indicadores e incentivos a ações estratégicas foi possível a partir da manutenção de alguns programas específicos. Os resultados das simulações apontaram para um baixo cadastro (90 milhões de brasileiros) para a cobertura estimada atual (148.674.300 milhões de brasileiros). Além disso, demonstraram um incremento imediato de recursos financeiros para 4.200 municípios brasileiros. Observa-se que a proposta do financiamento traz a APS brasileira para o século XXI, aponta para o fortalecimento dos atributos da APS e torna concreto os princípios de universalidade e equidade do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract This paper aims to present a debate on the new Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC) funding policy. We consulted the national and international literature, and we involved municipal, state, and federal PHC managers to develop the payment method. The proposed final model is based on weighted capitation, payment-for-performance, and incentive for strategic actions. Capitation is weighted by the socioeconomic vulnerability, demographic aspects, and municipal adjustment, the payment-for-performance consists of an entire set of 21 indicators, and incentives for strategic actions were facilitated from the maintenance of some specific programs. The results of the simulations pointed to low registration (90 million Brazilians) for the currently estimated coverage (148,674,300 Brazilians). Moreover, they showed an immediate increase in financial resources for 4,200 Brazilian municipalities. We observed that the funding proposal brings Brazilian PHC into the 21st century, points to the strengthening of PHC attributes, and materializes the principles of universality and equity of the Unified Health System.

Discussion on capitation payment system reform based on case analysis / 中华医院管理杂志

Pilot areas have achieved initial success in capitation reform. On the other hand, challenges remain unsolved in terms of practical pathways, change of national medical insurance management system, related measures, incentives and allocative mechanism for implement of the reform. With the concerning on progress, practice, effects and challenges of typical areas, this article established an institutional framework. On such basis, we propose to design and refine a scheme in terms of 5 aspects, namely strengthening the basic medical care packages′financing, setting contents and standard of the basic medical care packages rationally, establishing effective evaluation system and formulating supporting measures.

Case analysis and enlightenment of capitation payment system reform / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze the main practices of capitation payment system reform in the case areas and put forward enlightenments and suggestions in this regard. Methods The implementation practices of the case areas were summarized, and descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the implementation effects. Results By analyzing the effectiveness of the case areas′reform, it was found that the case areas are curbing the excessive growth of medical expenses (for example, outpatient fees per visit of Dingyuan county-level hospitals decreased from 245.11 yuan in 2015 to 218.40 yuan in 2017), increasing the actual compensation ratio of residents ( for example, the actual compensation ratio of Funan increased from 59.80% in 2015 to 63.28% in 2017), forming a medical treatment pattern within the county (for example, out-of-county compensation ratio in Dingyuan decreased from 37.38% in 2015 to 31.13% in 2017), achieving double-way referrals (for example, the number of referrals to superior hospitals of Jimo increased from 98 in 2015 to 328 in 2017), improving the subsidence of quality services, and controlling the risks of medical insurance funds. Conclusions At present, the reform of the case areas has been implemented steadily and achieved results. It is recommended to further improve such aspects as reform coordination, insurance standard setting, incentive mechanism establishment, and leadership to ensure the reform progress.

Empirical analysis for the "Countywide Medical Community" and capitation prepayment / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze the performance of the combination of "Countywide Medical Community" combine with "Capitation Prepayment". Methods We collected the new rural cooperative medical system ( NRCMS ) data of Funan county ( with "Countywide Medical Community" introduced in 2015, along with Capitation Payment) and Yingshang county (without"Countywide Medical Community"), both in Anhui province, from 2014 -2016. With such data, a longitudinal comparison was made on the performance of Funan "Countywide Medical Community" before and after, and a horizontal comparison on Funan county and Yingshang county regarding the merits and weakness of the Community. Results 2014-2016 witnessed a year-by-year decline of the outside-county proportion of the expenditure, man-time of inpatients, hospitalization expenses and hospitalization reimbursement by NRCMS in Funan county, and an increase of such proportion within the county. Furthermore, these proportions of Funan county were better than those of Yingshang county, proving "Countywide Medical Community" a success. Conclusions The performance of the combination of "Countywide Medical Community" and "Capitation Payment" proved a success.

Empirical analysis for the "Countywide Medical Community" and capitation prepayment / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze the performance of the combination of "Countywide Medical Community" combine with "Capitation Prepayment". Methods We collected the new rural cooperative medical system ( NRCMS ) data of Funan county ( with "Countywide Medical Community" introduced in 2015, along with Capitation Payment) and Yingshang county (without"Countywide Medical Community"), both in Anhui province, from 2014 -2016. With such data, a longitudinal comparison was made on the performance of Funan "Countywide Medical Community" before and after, and a horizontal comparison on Funan county and Yingshang county regarding the merits and weakness of the Community. Results 2014-2016 witnessed a year-by-year decline of the outside-county proportion of the expenditure, man-time of inpatients, hospitalization expenses and hospitalization reimbursement by NRCMS in Funan county, and an increase of such proportion within the county. Furthermore, these proportions of Funan county were better than those of Yingshang county, proving "Countywide Medical Community" a success. Conclusions The performance of the combination of "Countywide Medical Community" and "Capitation Payment" proved a success.

A Study on methods of risk-adjusted capitation fee of risk pooling for outpatient services in basic medical insurance:A case study of Shenzhen City / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective: The main objective of the present study is to develop the risk-adjusted capitation pay-ment standards to compensate health service providers. Methods:Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to an-alyze the insured's enrollment and visit conditions, and the two-part model was conducted to obtain the appropriate compensation standard using data retrieved from information system of social health insurance for the period of 2014 to 2015 in Shenzhen City. Results:The estimated value of total expenditure per insured person per month is 6. 17 yuan. Age,sex,insurance level and with or without chronic disease or catastrophic disease were elicited as risk adjustors. The whole number insured people were divided into 52 groups by this four risk-adjustment factors whereby the rele-vant payment standards for each group was calculated. Conclusions:By adjusting capitation fee on the grounds of risk of disease and expected expense of medical services of the insured, the capitation payment standards can be calculat-ed virtually. This method will promote the process of capitation payment system reform and also lay a solid foundation for further research.

La administración cuantitativa del riesgo financiero en la provisión de un plan de salud / Quantitative Management of Financial Risk in Supplying a Health Plan / A administração quantitativa do risco financeiro na provisão de um plano de saúde

El diseño del sistema de seguridad social en salud y su efectiva implementación es uno de los más grandes retos de la sociedad, y a su vez es la principal garantía del goce efectivo del derecho a la salud. Un gran desafío de estos sistemas es la administración del riesgo financiero implícito en la provisión de los servicios de salud. En este documento de investigación se explica en qué medida este desafío se puede enmarcar dentro de un problema de administración cuantitativa de los riesgos financieros. Si bien el uso de estas herramientas no es nuevo en el diseño del sistema de seguridad social en salud colombiano, es importante hacer claridad sobre el alcance que han tenido, las posibles mejoras que se les puedan hacer y los desafíos en la gestión de estos riesgos, implícitos en la reforma actual de la institucionalidad del sistema.

The design and effective implementation of health security are one of the biggest challenges of society and, at the same time, it is the main way to guarantee the effective enjoyment of the right to health. A great challenge of these systems is managing the financial risk implicit in supplying health services. This research document explains to what extent this challenge can be framed within a quantitative management of financial risk problem. Although the use of these tools is not a novelty in the design of the health security system in Colombia, it is important to clarify their reach, the possible improvements that might be performed on them, and the challenges in the management of these risks, implicit to the current reform of the institutionality of the system.

O desenho do sistema de provisão social em saúde e sua efetiva implementação é um dos mais grandes desafios da sociedade e, por sua vez, a principal garantia do usufruto efetivo do direito à saúde. Um grande desafio destes sistemas é a administração do risco financeiro implícito na provisão dos serviços de saúde. Neste documento de pesquisa explica-se em qual medida este desafio pode-se enquadrar dentro de um problema de gestão quantitativa dos riscos financeiros. Bem que o uso destas ferramentas não é novo no desenho do sistema colombiano de segurança social em saúde, é importante esclarecer o escopo que teriam os possíveis melhoramentos que pudessem se fazer e os desafios na gestão destes riscos, implícitos na reforma atual da institu-cionalidade do sistema.

Evaluation of the outpatients risk pooling of capitation payment under basic medical insurance in China / 中华医院管理杂志

An analysis is made according to policy documents of localities on capitation payment, and by means of literature review and the analysis framework of the World Bank,this paper reviewed studied the following:definition of service package,per capita rate,designated institutions,design of financial regulations,and service supervision.Given the attempts made at localities,most of the schemes are incomplete in design,and defective in capitation measurement methods and dynamic adjustment mechanisms.The authors recommend a systematic design of the capitation payment scheme for better outcomes.

Study on the Effects of Maternity Insurance Capitation on Obstetric Index / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To study the effects of maternity insurance lump capitation on obstetric index in Yinchuan , discuss its impact on decreasing cesarean section rate and improving reasonable check and rational drug use. Methods: The relevant indexes of inpatient parturient in Yinchuan fixed-point hospitals in 2011 are analyzed by comparing with the data from 2008 to 2010. Results:After the application of capitation lump policy, the cesarean section rate of the research object decrease from 54.14% to 35.38%, average hospitalization expenditure decreased by 9.52%, per drug expenditure decreased to 45.24%, average length of stay decreased by 0.8 day and per medical service cost increased by 9.39%. Conclusion: Since the application of capitation lump mode, the effects on the indexes of cesarean section rate, medical and medicine cost are obvious.

Outcome analysis of capitation payment as used in hospital delivery / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To study the impact of capitation payment on obstetric indicators for the maternity insurance of urban workers in Yinchuan city.Methods Collection of indicators on lying-in women hospitalized at the obstetrics departments of designated hospitals in Yinchuan,in the period of 2011 to 2012 when the capitation payment was put in place.Such indicators include the percentage of uterine-incision delivery,diagnostics and therapeutic expenses,drug expenses,and average days of stay,along with mortality of pregnant and lying-in women and that of newborns,which are used as indicators to measure quality of care.Results The capitation payment policy has witnessed drops in the percentage of uterine-incision delivery,cost per inpatient,drug expenses per inpatient and average days of stay among urban workers covered by the insurance.The drops amount to 10％ for cost per inpatient and 45％ for drug expenses per inpatient.The differences found in pregnant and lying-in women are not statistically significant.Conclusion Capitation payment is conducive to dropping the percentage of uterine-incision delivery and medical expenses,and saving medical insurance payment,for the sake of optimal use of healthcare resources.

Payment reform for the improvement of primary care in Korea

Strengthening primary care has always been a major policy issue in most developed countries to achieve the health care system's goals, and policy makers continuously try to use payment system as an effective tool to improve overall performance of primary care. In this paper, we examined the various payment methods and growing trends in primary care payment system in some developed countries. Overall, a common form of payment for primary care doctors is a blend of fee-for-service (FFS), capitation, and pay-for-performance (P4P). In addition, many countries are still in the way of many new trials to find the right way to provide primary care service effectively, to meet the complex health care needs of populations. In Korea, primary care system is not well-established, and other institutional arrangements are not in good conditions for primary care, either. FFS, which is a dominant payment method in Korea, is not favorable for achieving good attributes of primary care. Mixing various payment components, like capitation, P4P to current FFS is essential to provide the optimal incentive structures for primary care physicians. Also, new models to encourage doctor-patient relationships with appropriate P4P mechanisms could be used as an early step in reforming primary care payment system gradually.

La unidad de pago por capitación: 17 años en el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud / The capitation payment unit: 17 years in the General Social Security System in Health

OBJETIVO: analizar la evolución de la unidad de pago por capitación (UPC), los métodos y las variables existentes para su definición dentro del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud colombiano, luego de su implementación entre 1995 y el 2011. METODOLOGIA: estudio de tipo observacional descriptivo de corte longitudinal. La población de referencia la constituyeron todos los documentos consultados, entre libros, artículos de revista, bases de datos y presentaciones oficiales, que contuvieran los términos claves. Todos los documentos analizados se clasificaron tomando como referencia una escala de tipo Likert con cinco niveles. RESULTADOS: se encontró que la UPC se valora como elemento indispensable para mantener el equilibrio financiero del sistema. Desde 1995 hasta el 2011, los métodos para definirla fueron variados, pasando por una definición basada solo en el equilibrio financiero y la disponibilidad de recursos hasta configurar un estudio técnico con herramientas estadísticas que la ajustara anualmente. CONCLUSIONES: el origen de la UPC puede atribuirse a la orientación del sistema hacia un esquema de mercado y a la confluencia de tres teorías básicas. Las variaciones de la UPC siempre han referido un valor similar año tras año; por ello, aunque cambie la metodología para su definición, esta seguirá en proporciones iguales si se compara con años anteriores.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the evolution of the Capitation Payment (UPC for its Spanish name "unidad de pago por capitación") as well as the methodologies and variables for defining it that have existed in the Colombian Social Security System in Health since its implementation between 1995 and 2011. METHODOLOGY: An observational, longitudinal descriptive study. The reference population was made up of all the papers reviewed, including books, journal articles, databases, and official presentations containing the key concepts. RESULTS: It was found that the Capitation Payment (UPC) is valued as an essential element to maintain the financial balance of the health system. From 1995 to 2011 there were a number of methodologies for defining this payment. They ranged from a definition based only on the financial balance and the availability of resources, to a technical study using statistical tools to annually adjust the value of the UPC. CONCLUSIONS: The origin of the UPC can be attributed to the system’s orientation toward a market scheme and to the convergence of three basic theories. The variations in the value of the UPC have always resulted in a similar value year after year; this is why even if the methodology for defining it changed, the proportions will be the same when compared to previous years.

La crisis hospitalaria: análisis de la producción y el pago por servicios individuales de salud en un hospital de primer nivel de atención de la red pública de Bogotá, Colombia / Hospital crisis: analysis of production and payment for individual health care services in a first level public hospital in bogotá

En diversos medios de información generales y especializados se ha vuelto a hablar recientemente de una crisis en la red pública hospitalaria de todo el país que también ha involucrado a los hospitales de Bogotá. Diversas causas se han atribuido a la mencionada crisis, entre las cuales figura la modalidad de contratación y el pago por venta de servicios a los distintos pagadores identificados en el sistema. Se presenta un análisis de la producción y la facturación por servicios individuales en una Empresa Social del Estado de primer nivel de atención durante el tercer trimestre de 2011, comparándola con su facturación si contratara mediante pago por evento según las tarifas del Seguro Obligatorio de Accidentes de Tránsito (SOAT). Se identifica una disminución en la facturación al Fondo Financiero Distrital de Salud y también en la facturación a las EPS cuando se plantea el ejercicio del pago por evento de los servicios producidos y facturados en el periodo analizado.

In various general and expertise media has recently revived talk of a crisis in the public hospital network across the country that has also involved the hospitals in Bogota city. Multiple causes have been attributed to the aforementioned crisis, among which is the type of contract and payment for the sale of services to different payers identified in the system. This case study presents an analysis of production and billing for individual services in a first level State Social Enterprise care, during the third quarter of 2011, compared with its turnover if pay-per-hire by the rates from Mandatory Traffic Accidents Insurance (SOAT). It identifies a lower level of billing to Financial District Health Fund (FFDS) and a lower level too in billing to the Subsidized Health Promoting Enterprises (EPSS) when exercise raises the event of payment for the services produced and billed in the analyzed period.

Impacto de la selección de los mecanismos de pago en la producción de atención de salud: ¿están en línea con los objetivos sanitarios? / Impact of payment mechanisms on health services production in Chile: are the mechanisms in tune with the health policy objectives?

Este trabajo intenta caracterizar de los problemas que contienen los incentivos, principalmente aquellos contenidos en los mecanismos de transferencia usados en Chile, que no se encuentran a la altura de los desafíos de la actual reforma, por lo que se requiere entrar en una fase de modificación importante. A la vez, se describe evidencia empírica que muestra efectos indeseados sobre la producción de prestaciones a nivel global, desde hace algunos años y desde 2005, con la implementación de la reforma y la introducción de las GES, asociados a los mecanismos de pago. Esto es, disminución general de la actividad del SNSS, aumento de las urgencias y de la compra externa tanto vía MLE como GES. La disminución de la actividad general del SNSS no implica una caída en la productividad ya que se produce un cambio en el case-mix de producción del sistema, incentivado por las GES y sus compromisos asociados. Esto último, puede estar reflejando problemas de acceso en lo no GES. Por último, se reseña de modo general, la propuesta que está siendo trabajada en el sector para modificar los sistemas de transferencia.

The current mechanisms of financial transfer in the Chilean Health Care System imply incentives that are not up to the challenges of the Health Reform initiated in 2002. According to the authors, important modifications are required. We present empirical evidence of the undesired effects of those mechanisms on the overall generation of health services in the last few years. Starting in 2005, the Health Reform introduced Explicit Guarantees (GES) for the Provision of certain services, and these are linked to the mechanisms of payment to the providers. There has been a general decrease in the activities of the National Health Services System, an increase of emergency care and in the purchase of external services via the Explicit Guarantees and also via the Free Choice option included in the public system. The reduction of the general activity of the public system is not matched by a fall in productivity: what we observe is a change in the case mix, which is induced mainly by the Explicit Guarantees scheme and its associated commitments. A reduction of access to non GES care may be under way. We describe the general outline of a proposed change in the financial transfer mechanisms, which is being discussed in the health sector.

Development and Evaluation of Home Doctor Registration Program

BACKGROUND: Ministry of Health and Welfare offered' Home Doctor Registration Program' to rein force primary care and to increase the efficiency of national health delivery system. But, it failed because it was not supported by doctors and nations. We designed this study to develope and evaluate apractical version of 'Home Doctor Registration Program'. METHODS: We invited primary care doctors who were concerned with 'Home Doctor Registration Program' via PC-communication and developed a practical version of this program. After 6 monte of this program, surveys on participated docters and patients were done. RESULTS: 8 primary care doctors and 285 patients have participated in this study. All the 8 doctors have offered the 4 obligatory services and 3 doctors have offered telephone counselling and no doctor has offered visiting examination. After 6 months of this program, CCPQ score was increased significantly and all the health risk factors of participated patients were decreased. Doctors have thought that Family Chart Service, Health Risk Appraisal, Vaccination and Screening Test are more necessary in this program. But Patients have thought that Telephone Counselling and Visiting Examination are more important in this program. CONCLUSION: Almost of participated doctors and patients have been satisfied with this practical version of 'Home Doctor Registration Program'. But, subjective feeling about which service was more necessary in this program was different between doctors and patients.